“Summary of 2nd Semester”
By : Shinta M. Kusumaningratri
- Structure and Functions of the Plant Tissues
Epidermis : Outer part of the plant organ to
protect the inner part of the plant.
- There
are : root hair and stomata
Cortex : A filler of space between
epidermis and vascular tissues.
- There
are : Collenchym, to supporting
the young plant.
Schlerenchym, to supporting the old plant.
Vascular tissues : The inside part of the point organ.
- There
are : Xylem, from root to leaf.
Phloem, from leaf to all part of the plant.
1.
Root
v Function : 1. To absorb water and minerals from
soil.
2.
The place to save the food reserve.
3. To support the
stem.
v Kinds of
root : a. Fibrous root, for monocothyl.
b. Tap Root, for dicothyl and gymnospermae.
v The
structure of root :
· Epidermis, has
semipermeable characteristic, to water and minerals way.
·
Cortex, area
to save the food reserve.
·
Endodermis, to
arrange the water and minerals way from coetex to stele.
Pericycle
· Vascular cylinder : Phloem
Xylem
2 Stem
v Function : 1. To support the leaf.
2. Storage for materials.
3. To transported
water and mineral from the root to the leaf.
4. Food
transported to all parts of the plant in the phloem.
v Kinds of
stem : a. Herbaceous stem, soft and
ussually has a green color.
Ex : Tomato, chili, eggplant.
b. Woden stem, hard and compact. Found in a
big tree.
In
a dycothyl plants has a cambium, but in monocothyl plants hasn’t a cambium.
Cambium, is horde
active cleave of cell, while can make the stem of dycothyl plants become big,
this can called secondary growth.
Leaf
Function is the
place for photoshynthesis process.
Structure,
Epidermis, mesophyl, vascular cylinder.
Transpiration : Water evaporates from the leaf tissu and is
put outside through the stoma or through the lenticell of the stem.
Leaf gets CO2 from the air around it by diffusion.
- The Physiological Process of Plant
1Diffusion
Move
from a place of higher concentration.
2Osmosis
Water
diffusion through the cell membrane.
Transpiration
To control plant temperatures.
To absorb water from the soil containing
nutrients which are needed by plants.
Guttation,
Water
in leaves excrete in the from of water drops.
Hidatoda, is
special stomata.
Photosynthesis
Green
plants are able to produce the organic materials they need by themselves. By
using the carbondioxide, water and the sunlight as energy sources, the green
plants convert inorganic materials into organic materials to produce
carbohydrate.
Tho complex process of photosynthesis
can be visualized in a simple reaction as follows :
Sun Light =
( C6H1206)n + 6O2
6CO2
+ 6H2O + Chlorophyl
Ninety percent (90%) of the oxygen comes
from the resut of photosynthesis. Animalas and plants also use nutrients and
oxygen from the result of this process.
The organism that are able to produce
organic materials are called autothropic
organism.
If the autotrophic organisms produce the
organic materials by using chemical energy, is called chemoautotroph organism. Humans and animals cannot make their own
organic materials ; therefore, called heterotrophic
organism.
Respiration
Is
the process of energy change. The energy comes from the chemical energy stored
in food. Next, this energy is released from the food.
·
Aerobic
respiration, is
the respiration takes place in every plant and animal cell, and in most cases,
requires oxygen, which occurs in metochondria.
·
An –
aerobic respiration, is the respiration takes place in every plant and
animal cell, and in most cases, isn’t requires oxygen. Like bacteria and fungi.
The
important factors for transport the water from the root until stem
a. The root
pressure
b. The stem
capilarity
c. The leaf
absorb power
Excretion
system
Is
the excretion system is a system that related with an excretion metabolism
process so that isn’t happen a poisoning.
C.
Responses
of Plants
Kinds of
Movements In Plants And Factors Influencing Them
Base of the influenced factors,
plants distinguishable become 3 kinds, are :
A.
Autonom movement (endonom), is the
automatic movement, that influenced of that own plants.
·
Ex :
Protoplasm movement.
B.
Higroscophycs movement, is the
movement that influenced the change of the water degree.
·
Ex :
The an legumes of various sorts fruit broken.
C.
Etionomus movement,
is
the movement that influenced because a stimuli from outside. There are 3 kinds :
1. Nastic
movement,
is the movement caused by the pressure.
a. Seismonastic, is a plants
complex movement cause of a touch.
Ex : Closing of mimosa pudica cause the contact stimulation.
b. Niktinastic, is the nastic
mavement related to the night.
Ex : Breaking and closing of a 4-o’clock flowers.
2. Tropism
movement,
is a certain movement of plant organ in a certain direction.
·
Positive
phototropism,
is the tropism movement towards the light.
·
Negative
phototropism,
is the tropism movement away the light.
a.
Geotropism, is the
movement of roots influenced by gravity.
Ex : - Positive geotropism,
is the movement of roots toward the earth center as the source of gravity.
· Negative geotropism, is the
movement of other plants growing away from the earth center is commonly.
b.
Phototropism, is a
movement influenced by toeard the light.
Ex : - Positive
phototropism, the top root movement.
· Negative phototropism, the top stem
movement.
c. Hydotropism, is the growth
movement of the top root toward the water.
d. Tigmotropism, is the
movement of a plant organ with such a touch / stimulus.
Ex : - The movement folding back of spiraling upward of cucurbitaceae.
3. Taxis
movement,
the movement of the single cell / unicellular plants.
a.
Phototaxis, is the
taxis movement with light.
Ex : - Euglena movement toward the light center.
· Chlamidomonas
movement be far from the light.
b.
Kemotaxis, is the
taxis movement cause a stimulating of chemical substances.
Ex : - The spermatozoa movement toward ovum.
· The
aerob bacteria toward the place of rich oxygen.
D.
Pest and
Diseases in Plants
1.
Pests
Is a destroyer animal or the
consumer plants cultivation.
Pets
that can attack plants are :
a. Worms, which attack the root.
b.
Insects, birds, and mammals attack the stem, leaf, flower, and fruit.
c.
Such a worm is the larva of a predator insect, which preys on the leaf, stem, flower, and
fruit of a plant.
Example : The pest Thrips kill the chili
plant.
2.
Disease
Is
called fitopatologi, that’s study about the proccess of the development disease
on the plants, as well the method to eard of that desease on the plants.
The
disease often to attack the plants are:
I.
Bacteria
Cause
damages to plants. They come into the plant body through stomata.they ussually
attack plant cells if the sitoplasm is infected. Bacteria cause a plant disease
especially in subtropical and tropical area. Example : Erwinia
tracheiphilia
Kill
the cucumber plant.
II.
Viruses
May also infect plants. They cause
appearance of dotted yellow marks on a leaf. The yellowmdots gradually turn
darker because the tissues are dead. Such a disease is called a mosaic disease.
Example of it :
a)
Cucumber
Mosaic Virus (CMV),
for cucumber plants.
b)
Potato
Virus Mosaic (PVM),
for potatoes.
c)
Tobacco
Etch Virus (TEV),
for tobaccos.
d)
Tomato
Bushy Virus (TBSV),
for tomatoes.
Virus
also may cause tumor in leaves. The leaves have no shape. But the plant viruses
cannot infect animals.
III.
Fungi
Called Erysiphe cichoracearum
usually infect the surface of leaf and young stem, making the leaves yellow and
finally dead.
The
fungi is multiply with the excretion of spore, that spore spread pass through
an air, water, and soil. That fungi often have white color and we can ward off
with fungicide. Example is Plasmodiophora
brassicae, attack a cabbage.
VI.
Insects
Insects that harm plants such as
small insects (bees) and fruit flies.
The
insects pick up some microbe from infectd plants and move them to others. They
usually eat most of the leaves so that it is impossible for the plants to make
a lot of food in their body.
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